|
Already in the XVIth century Poland were ideas also fundamental to contemporary political theory, according to Norman Davies of Oxford University:
|
|
During the First Polish Republic, or around the year 1600, one million free citizens lived in Poland, a record in the world history of representative government. These citizens had the right to run for the office of King in a free general election. Men and women had the same property and inheritance rights. The Polish indigenous legislative process shaped the national culture. While in Western and Eastern Europe monarchs became more and more authoritarian, Poland elected its kings and passed its laws in the Sejm (Parliament). The predatory powers that conquered Poland in the late 18th century made sure that the knowledge of Polish liberty faded away from European memory.
Slavic tradition of elective system in tribal democracies was strengthened in Poland by Europe's unique Polish national defense system, based on an alliance of the king with landowners. In the rest of Europe national defense was based on the king's alliance with fortified towns as it happened within all of western Christianity. In Poland there was a unique alliance between the king and the masses of landowners. This happened because foreign immigrants flooded Polish towns after the devastation by Mongol invasions starting in 1241 and it took generations for the immigrants to acquire Polish national identity - Jewish immigrants, with a few exceptions, never did assimilate because of the clear mandate of the Talmudic laws.
These ideas were introduced in Poland, the middle ground of Europe, by the development of the indigenous Polish democratic process, which matured in the sixteenth century. It was created by citizens of the First Polish Republic, using ideas that were modern even by today's standards. These ideas are also fundamental to contemporary political theory, according to Norman Davies of Oxford University:
*general elections by all citizens (called viritim)
*a social contract between government and citizens
*the principle of government by consent
* personal freedom
*civil rights of the individual
*freedom of religion
*the value of self-reliance
* prevention of the growth of authoritarian power of the state
*the prevention of rule by any form of oligarchy
These ideas were spread when the first printing press was set up in Kraków in 1473. It is estimated that between 1561 and 1600 seventeen printing houses in Poland published over 120 titles per year, with 500 copies as the average edition size. The first complete translation of the Bible into Polish was produced in 1561 by Jan Leopolita. Around that time the first Polish orthography dictionary was published (by Stanislaw Murzynowski in 1551); grammar books and dictionaries also proliferated. The Polish Renaissance was bilingual, with the masses of noble citizens speaking a mixture of Polish and Latin, and various authors oscillating between Polish, Latin, and a mixture of those two languages. Latin was the language of science and diplomacy in all of Western Christianity.
www.pogonowski.com
|
|
17 listopad 2011
|
|
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
|
|
|
|
Z Kanady
sierpień 31, 2003
Andrzej Kumor
|
Montownia SB-kich pomysłów
styczeń 23, 2006
Marek Olżyński
|
Jakie jest prawdziwe nazwisko kolejnego "polskiego" prezydenta
styczeń 30, 2007
dorek
|
Śmiertelne pasje
sierpień 11, 2008
Mirosław Naleziński, Gdynia
|
Wcześniejsze wybory - czyj to spryt?
maj 26, 2008
Dariusz Kosiur
|
Konfederacja nieuków
styczeń 10, 2004
ZS
|
Kolejne naciąganie frajerów, czy pranie brudnych pieniędzy?
listopad 7, 2003
|
Apel o unikanie emocjonalnych wypowiedzi i osądów, a podawanie do wiadomości ogółu ?ródeł, nazw, liczb...
styczeń 26, 2007
antycenzor
|
Niezależne Obchody 25 -tej Rocznicy Strajków na Dolnym Śląsku
sierpień 8, 2005
Dr Leszek Skonka
|
America's democracy of double standards won't work
luty 23, 2005
przesłał prof. Iwo C. Pogonowski
|
Najbliższe zmiany
listopad 13, 2008
Artur Łoboda
|
Doktryna Breżniewa po amerykańsku
czerwiec 7, 2003
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
|
Jacek Dębski był klientem domu maklerskiego Surf5.net.
wrzesień 16, 2002
|
Studenci prawa oszustami i co dalej z Ojczyzną?
styczeń 25, 2008
Mirosław Naleziński, Gdynia
|
Pulapka w Iraku
grudzień 26, 2005
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
|
Sekcja Polska Radia France International przestanie nadawać (?)
listopad 23, 2008
Grzegorz G.Worwa
|
Gdzie są anterroryści
sierpień 10, 2007
Bogusław
|
Nikczemny atak na Zofię Kossak - dr Aliny Całej
luty 17, 2007
tatar-Zenon Jaszczuk
|
Kolejny raz dać się oszwabić
marzec 29, 2004
PAP
|
Polonia Protestuje
luty 9, 2003
|
|
|