|
Already in the XVIth century Poland were ideas also fundamental to contemporary political theory, according to Norman Davies of Oxford University:
|
|
During the First Polish Republic, or around the year 1600, one million free citizens lived in Poland, a record in the world history of representative government. These citizens had the right to run for the office of King in a free general election. Men and women had the same property and inheritance rights. The Polish indigenous legislative process shaped the national culture. While in Western and Eastern Europe monarchs became more and more authoritarian, Poland elected its kings and passed its laws in the Sejm (Parliament). The predatory powers that conquered Poland in the late 18th century made sure that the knowledge of Polish liberty faded away from European memory.
Slavic tradition of elective system in tribal democracies was strengthened in Poland by Europe's unique Polish national defense system, based on an alliance of the king with landowners. In the rest of Europe national defense was based on the king's alliance with fortified towns as it happened within all of western Christianity. In Poland there was a unique alliance between the king and the masses of landowners. This happened because foreign immigrants flooded Polish towns after the devastation by Mongol invasions starting in 1241 and it took generations for the immigrants to acquire Polish national identity - Jewish immigrants, with a few exceptions, never did assimilate because of the clear mandate of the Talmudic laws.
These ideas were introduced in Poland, the middle ground of Europe, by the development of the indigenous Polish democratic process, which matured in the sixteenth century. It was created by citizens of the First Polish Republic, using ideas that were modern even by today's standards. These ideas are also fundamental to contemporary political theory, according to Norman Davies of Oxford University:
*general elections by all citizens (called viritim)
*a social contract between government and citizens
*the principle of government by consent
* personal freedom
*civil rights of the individual
*freedom of religion
*the value of self-reliance
* prevention of the growth of authoritarian power of the state
*the prevention of rule by any form of oligarchy
These ideas were spread when the first printing press was set up in Kraków in 1473. It is estimated that between 1561 and 1600 seventeen printing houses in Poland published over 120 titles per year, with 500 copies as the average edition size. The first complete translation of the Bible into Polish was produced in 1561 by Jan Leopolita. Around that time the first Polish orthography dictionary was published (by Stanislaw Murzynowski in 1551); grammar books and dictionaries also proliferated. The Polish Renaissance was bilingual, with the masses of noble citizens speaking a mixture of Polish and Latin, and various authors oscillating between Polish, Latin, and a mixture of those two languages. Latin was the language of science and diplomacy in all of Western Christianity.
www.pogonowski.com
|
|
17 listopad 2011
|
|
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
|
|
|
|
"Dobre słowo"
grudzień 1, 2006
przesłał luzak
|
Książka pod choinkę
grudzień 25, 2006
o
|
Przyczyny ubóstwa Rzeczypospolitej
styczeń 5, 2006
przeslala Elzbieta
|
Lekarze po alkoholu
grudzień 3, 2005
Adam Sandauer
|
Kiedy kurator działa inaczej
marzec 15, 2006
Marek Olżyński
|
Krystyna Sienkiewicz
marzec 12, 2005
Ewa Zaleska
|
Zygmunto-Zuzanna
styczeń 6, 2006
zaprasza.net
|
ŻYCZENIA NOWOROCZNE
grudzień 31, 2006
sredni
|
Prezes Rady Ministrów RP Pan Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz - List Otwarty
listopad 18, 2005
Leszek Skonka
|
Czy skończy się prywata w sądach?
sierpień 26, 2006
Zdzisław Raczkowski
|
Zaciskanie pasa, czyli o co chodzi bli?niakom
lipiec 6, 2007
Marek Olżyński
|
Terror na otwarcie szczytu G-8
lipiec 9, 2005
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
|
The Babylonian Brotherhood
sierpień 1, 2007
enki
|
Dlatego Huebner otrzymała wszystkie możliwe nagrody i stanowisko w Brukseli
wrzesień 3, 2004
Piotr Mączyński
|
2008.03.27. Serwis wiadomosci ze świata w 3ch językach
marzec 27, 2008
tłumacz
|
Sprzedaj, zniszcz, zrujnuj
kwiecień 30, 2003
|
Eskalacja na Bliskim Wschodzie i destabilizowanie świata?
styczeń 8, 2007
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
|
Pola, Melania, Bronia i Katarzyna
luty 5, 2005
Mirosław Naleziński, Gdynia
|
Widziane z Ameryki - komentarze z USA (4) TŁO HISTORYCZNE EUROREGIONU PRUSY
styczeń 6, 2005
Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
|
Białoruś w Polskim wydaniu.
czerwiec 17, 2008
Bogusław
|
|
|