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| Przemoc seksualna wobec dzieci |
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| Organizacje pedofilskie na najwyższych szczeblach władzy |
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| Czy polskie wybory są zagrożone? Anomalie, które budzą niepokój |
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| Jakie anomalia wyborcze wskazują na fałszerstwa? Jak się przed nimi bronić? Podwójne krzyżyki i nie tylko! |
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| Bankructwo Ukrainy |
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| Aresztowanie Prezydenta Korei Południowej |
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| NIEMIECKI LEKARZ OPOWIADA CIEKAWOSTKI (DNI ŚFIRUSA 4) |
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| 16 czerwca globaliści wywołali mRNA „biologiczne tsunami” na japońskim stadionie piłkarskim pełnym 40000 widzów – „Replikony” w celu rozprzestrzeniani |
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Wiadomość wręcz nieprawdopodobna.
Ale zapamiętajmy ją.
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| Maseczki opadły – porażka programu „Polskie Szwalnie” |
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| Mimo że Agencja poniosła znaczne koszty w związku z realizacją projektu „Stalowa Wola”, produkcja maseczek nie została uruchomiona i zakończyła się na etapie testowym. |
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| Awantura w Sejmie o maseczki! |
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| Terror covidowy przeniósł się na teren Sejmu. Przeciwko temu protestuje Grzegorz Braun. |
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| "Służę ludziom, nie instytucjom" |
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Główny komisarz policji w Dortmund w przemówieniu do narodu niemieckiego…
I do POLICJI !!
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| Egzekucja nad dr.Ratkowską wstrzymana |
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| Patologia w środowisku medycznym |
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| Wezwanie do przebudzenia |
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| Film opisujący mechanizmy ekonomicznej władzy nad światem |
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| Chazarskie tajemnice Rosji |
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| Mowa tu o szeregu mesjanistycznych założeń leżących niemal na granicy proroctw i legend, u których podstaw leży jeden cel – że na obszarze, gdzie obecnie toczą się walki na Ukrainie, ma powstać nowe państwo żydowskie. |
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| "Górale to męczą konie" |
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| Powiedziałam prezesowi (Kaczyńskiemu), że górale bardzo na nich liczą, to są ich wyborcy, a prezes odpowiedział mi na to: "Górale to męczą konie". Byłam w szoku, że przy tak ważnym temacie gospodarczym mówi takie rzeczy - relacjonuje posłanka. |
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| Człowiek 2.0 |
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| Nanoszczepienia i Transhumanizm, MODERNA w natarciu na mR |
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| Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski |
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| Notka wikipedii dotycząca osoby prof. Iwo Cypriana Pogonowskiego |
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| Zawłaszczenie majątku przez bankierów poprzez rewolucje społeczne |
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Co łączy rewolucję październikową, upadek muru berlińskiego, rozpad bloku wschodniego i dzisiejszą wojnę klimatyczną?
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| Jedyna rozsądna analiza początku wojny przeciwko Iranowi |
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| Nagła Eskalacja Wojny i Trzęsienie Ziemi w Iranie. Przypadek… Czy Sygnał Czegoś Większego? |
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| Deklaracja Wielkiej Barrington |
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| Po atakach, oto wypowiedź profesora Sucharita Bhakdi. |
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| AI nie będzie świadoma, twierdzi Roger Penrose (Nobel 2020) |
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| Czy sztuczna inteligencja może być i czy kiedykolwiek będzie świadoma? |
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| Kryptoreklama-czy prawdziwe lekarstwo na cukrzycę? |
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| "W naszym kraju nie skupiamy się na leczeniu diabetyków, ale na zarabianiu pieniędzy przez duże koncerny farmaceutyczne." |
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A brief history of the Polish language
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Its Ancient Origins
The originality of Polish culture is tied to its language and to its Slavonic roots. Linguistic studies indicate that 5000 to 4000 years ago early Balto-Slavic languages were part of the Arian or the Eastern Indo-European languages. Over 3500 years ago, the languages of the Balto-Slavs separated from the Arian languages; some 3000 years ago, the Baltic and Slavic languages separated from each other; and for the next 1500 years, the Slavic languages evolved parallel to the Greek, Latin, Celtic, Germanic, and other languages. The evolution of the Polish language occurred during the following 1500 years.
Development of the Polish Language
Polish language reflected the intellectual and material culture in spoken words and later in literature. Early Polish vocabulary contained much earlier cultural information than do written records. The adoption of foreign words grew with the passage of time. During the present information age, new European and American terms related to fashions, sports, arts, politics, and technology are being adopted by the modern Polish language. Unabridged Polish dictionaries presently contain some 200,000 entries; one-third of these are foreign adaptations, while about one-fourth are still close to Old Slavonic words.
Although Polish was the national language of Poland, the influence of the Roman Catholic Church introduced Poland to Latin - the lingua franca of western European culture. Polish translations of Latin texts and other Polish publications were the only source of the eastern Slavic peoples’ knowledge about Western civilization. Thus were nearly all ruling members of the Russian Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) were fluent in Polish.
The name of Poland, in Polish "Polska," originated from the name of Polanians. Linguistic data of the highly diversified early Slavic vocabulary proves familiarity with elaborate abstract ideas. In Slavic self-perception the ethnic meaning of the word "Slav" or Słowianin (swo-vyah-ńeen) in Polish was derived from the term for the spoken word, or "słowo" (swo-vo). Thus, to the Slavs, their name testified to their mastery over spoken words, in contrast to others, whose languages they did not understand.
The chronicle of the Cistercian abbey at Henryków (1227-1310) includes the oldest preserved sentence written in Polish.
A constitutional monarchy evolved in this period (1370-1493). During this evolution, due legal process was established in Poland; Polish became a language of elegance and civility in east central Europe, as Poland acquired a civilizing role between the Baltic and the Black Seas and Polish was used as the language of diplomacy.
By the end of the 15th century, national and regional parliaments became catalysts of social and cultural life in Poland - a role played in the rest of Europe by the royal court and the town. The first Digest of Polish Law was printed in Kraków in 1488; it included a royal guarantee against searches and seizures. Approximately 15,000 different Polish words were used in the preserved medieval texts.
Progress during the Renaissance
Jan Mączyński published the first extensive Latin-Polish dictionary Lexico Latino-Polonorum in 1564. A pioneer of cardiology, a professor of medicine and philosophy, Józef Struś (1510-1568) published a 1555 treatise on the pulse entitled Sphygmicae artis libri quinque. In 1583, Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki edited and published the partially preserved writings of Cicero. His Fragmentorum M. Tulli Ciceronis was very popular among European humanists.
Printing houses were also opened in provincial areas. Polish orthography was standardized chiefly by printers who helped the development of the Polish language by encouraging the publication of Polish books and dictionaries. A Polish grammar book for foreigners was printed in 1568 by Piotr Stratotius-Stojeński; his book was in French. During the first one hundred years of Polish printing some three-and-half million books were printed. By 1550, printers in Kraków had reached the highest European level.
Widespread polemics on the religious questions in Poland often resounded throughout Europe. Protestants contributed to the wider use of the Polish language. Mikołaj Rey, called the father of literature in the Polish language, first wrote moralizing dialogues published in 1543. In them he criticized overspending, luxury, and drunkenness. He wrote the best 16th-century Polish satire and gave an excellent picture of everyday life in Poland. His Life of an Honorable Man gave a vivid picture of the customs of Polish country squires.
The Great Scientific Dictionary of Polish-Latin-Greek by Grzegorz Knapski, entitled Thesaurus Polono-Latino-Graecus, was published in 1621. It was an important work for Polish and Slavic lexicography. The first printing shop in Warsaw was established in 1624. Polish dictionaries, grammars, and other books were printed in Królewiec (Koenigsberg) in the Polish Fief of Prussia.
Enlightenment in Poland in the 18th century brought further advancement in the development of the Polish language, literature, and press during the reign of King Stanisław II Poniatowski.
Development during the 19th and 20th c.
The first complete dictionary of recent Polish was published in six volumes in 1807-1814 by Samuel Bogumił Linde (1771-1847), a lexicographer who worked at the Załuski Library - the first public library in Europe. At that point, the Polish language was as equally developed as the German and more advanced than the Russian; it was one of major European languages possessing a rich literature and a vocabulary of arts and sciences. The character of Linde’s dictionary was historical and not normative. It included 60,000 entries.
In 1861, the learned circles of Wilno published Słownik języka polskiego (A Dictionary of the Polish Language), sometimes called The Wilno Dictionary. It included many regional words from north-eastern parts of Poland and is proof of a strong cultural connection between the Wilno region and the rest of ethnic Poland.
The reform of the orthography of the Polish language was completed in 1891. Following its inauguration of Prace Filologiczne (The Philological Studies) in 1885, the Kraków Academy of Learning begun to issue two other publications: Poradnik Językowy (The Language Handbook)in 1901, and Język Polski (The Polish Language) in 1913. In addition, the Academy of learning published Słownik Gwar Polskich (Dictionary of Polish Dialects) from 1900 to 1911; and in 1915, Język Polski i jego historia (The Polish Language and Its History) - two volumes of the Encyklopedia Polska.
Another reform of Polish orthography was carried out in 1918.
Polish literature blossomed. Adam Asnyk wrote poetry linking the Romanticist traditions with social problems viewed in a Positivist manner. Adolf Dygasiński wrote excellent naturalist novels about animals. Eliza Orzeszkowa, writer and journalist, wrote tendentious positivist literature; her best and most famous novel was Nad Niemnem (On the Shores of Niemen, 1887). Bolesław Prus (Aleksander Głowacki, 1847-1912) was a writer and columnist of the period of realism. In Lalka (The Doll, 1890), he described the "last Romanticists" and the defeat of the positivist "dreamers." Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916) wrote Polish historical novels. His novel, Quo Vadis, about early Christians in Nero’s Rome won him a Noble Prize (1905) and was by far the greatest bestseller worldwide at the time.
Total of about twenty people born in Poland won the Noble Prize for their contribution to science, literature, and peace. Thus, Polish language and culture are of considerable importance today, flourishing as they do in the geographical center of the European continent.
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26 czerwiec 2005
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Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
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Zmieniać aby nie zmienić
kwiecień 18, 2005
Kazimierz Murasiewicz
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Słowo o "księciu dziennikarstwa"
styczeń 15, 2008
Dariusz Kosiur
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Katyn massacre film & Jewish conduct in Poland
luty 2, 2008
przysłał Israel Shamir
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Skala mikro i skala makro
lipiec 25, 2008
Artur Łoboda
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Zrobieni na szaro
październik 22, 2003
Ryszard Jakubowski
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Samoobrona może poprzeć Kołodkę
lipiec 5, 2002
PAP
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Zwycięstwa króla Pyrrusa.
listopad 15, 2006
Jan Lucjan Wyciślak
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Plan unijny zniszczenia wsi polskiej?
lipiec 21, 2008
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
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Löpper ... ?
luty 10, 2004
przysłał Adrian Dudkiewicz
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Polacy w końcu zabrali głos w sprawie Iraku
luty 3, 2003
PAP
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LIST DRUGI
wrzesień 18, 2005
aaa
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Wedle Wyborczej w Polsce sprawy sądowe o błędy lekarskie w Polsce zaczynają funkcjonować jak w USA.
sierpień 3, 2005
Adam Sandauer
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Przestępcy w togach prokuratorskich
marzec 15, 2005
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"Gdyby nie Balcerowicz"
marzec 1, 2004
Piotr Mączyński
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Nie mają wartości - których należałoby bronić...
grudzień 7, 2008
Artur Łoboda
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Jakiego sięgnęliśmy dna
sierpień 28, 2004
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tytulik
listopad 5, 2006
ja
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Przygotowac sie do referendum
maj 27, 2003
Zenon Baranowski
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Parlament Europejski przeciwny "jednostronnej akcji militarnej" w Iraku
styczeń 31, 2003
PAP
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Marzec 68 - dwa swiadectwa
marzec 6, 2008
przeslala Elzbieta Gawlas
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