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| "Górale to męczą konie" |
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| Powiedziałam prezesowi (Kaczyńskiemu), że górale bardzo na nich liczą, to są ich wyborcy, a prezes odpowiedział mi na to: "Górale to męczą konie". Byłam w szoku, że przy tak ważnym temacie gospodarczym mówi takie rzeczy - relacjonuje posłanka. |
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| Jak to jest z kowidem na Florydzie? |
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| Jak bankierzy wciągnęli USA w II wojnę światową |
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| Tajemnica Pearl Harbor. Prawda, którą ukrywają Amerykanie. |
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| Grzegorz Braun odpowiada na Państwa pytania |
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Monika Jaruzelska zaprasza
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| The Corbett Report |
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| Kanał YT niezależnego dziennikarza James'a Corbett'a |
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| Tu jest Polska, a nie Polin! Protest pod Sejmem! |
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Protest przeciwko świecy chanukowej pod Sejmem w Warszawie.
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| "Babcia Kasia" |
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| Kim naprawdę jest Katarzyna Augustynek |
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| Czy Policjanci będą zwracać za bezprawne mandaty? |
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| Zarówno mandaty, jak i wnioski o ukaranie karą finansową do sanepidu, które wystawiali poszczególni policjanci w czasie epidemii, okazują się być nie tylko bezprawne, ale i naruszające konstytucję. |
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| Kanciarze z Wall Street |
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| Film przedstawia kulisy Wall street . Metody działania , które doprowadziły w ciągu kilku ostatnich lat do wywołania kryzysu finansowego. |
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| CZY ROZUMIESZ SKĄD ZAMIESZKI I PRÓBA WYWOŁANIA WOJNY DOMOWEJ W USA? |
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| nie podejmuje żadnych interwencji w stosunku do osobników kierujących takimi organizacjami jak „Antifa” i Black Lives Matter – czyli George Sorosowi, Billowi Gates czy Amerykański wirusolog i członek powołanej przez administrację Donalda Trumpa grupy zadaniowej ds. epidemii COVID-19 Anthony Fauci – który jest siłą napędową dla Gatesa i Sorosa w sparawie Covid-19 i szczepionek. – to wszystko, zaprzecza opisom powyższego artykułu. Myślę że czas pokaże co dalej… |
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| Medialni MORDERCY! |
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| Jak najgorsze szumowiny z pierwszych stron gazet, szczuły na ludzi, którzy nie dali się zatruć trującą szczepionką przeciwko nieistniejącemu kowidowi |
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| Hashtag COVID1984 |
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Szczególnie polecamy:
"Tłum uzbrojonych w miecze Sikhów atakuje policję w Nanded po tym, jak rząd zakazał publicznych procesji w związku z p(L)andemią. Tak się walczy o swoje prawa! "
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| Czy zaszczepieni staną się własnością koncernów farmaceutycznych? |
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| Czy szczepienia służą nowoczesnemu niewolnictwu? |
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| Jesteśmy okłamywani i zmuszani do działań mogących pogarszać zdrowie |
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| Dr Zbigniew Martyka, kierownik oddziału zakaźnego w Dąbrowie Górniczej napisał dwa tygodnie temu wpis, w którym ocenił, że "jesteśmy okłamywani i zmuszani do działań mogących pogarszać nasz stan zdrowia" pod pretekstem koronawirusa. Wówczas wprowadzano nowe restrykcje i podział na powiaty "żółte" oraz "czerwone". |
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| Paszporty szczepionkowe to koń trojański (napisy PL) |
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| Po tych szczepionkach 12-15 letnie dzieci umierają na krwotoki mózgu, zawały serca, niewydolność serca |
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| Warto posłuchać |
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| Chociaż scyzoryk się w kieszeni otwiera - to musimy zapamiętać takie zdarzenia i przypomnieć przed Trybunałem do spraw zbrodni kowidowych |
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| Kto mordował w Katyniu |
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| Izraelska gazeta „Maariv” z 21 lipca 1971 r. wyjawia końcowy sekret katyńskiej masakry. |
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| Awantura w Sejmie o maseczki! |
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| Terror covidowy przeniósł się na teren Sejmu. Przeciwko temu protestuje Grzegorz Braun. |
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| Przemoc seksualna wobec dzieci |
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| Organizacje pedofilskie na najwyższych szczeblach władzy |
więcej -> |
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A brief history of the Polish language
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Its Ancient Origins
The originality of Polish culture is tied to its language and to its Slavonic roots. Linguistic studies indicate that 5000 to 4000 years ago early Balto-Slavic languages were part of the Arian or the Eastern Indo-European languages. Over 3500 years ago, the languages of the Balto-Slavs separated from the Arian languages; some 3000 years ago, the Baltic and Slavic languages separated from each other; and for the next 1500 years, the Slavic languages evolved parallel to the Greek, Latin, Celtic, Germanic, and other languages. The evolution of the Polish language occurred during the following 1500 years.
Development of the Polish Language
Polish language reflected the intellectual and material culture in spoken words and later in literature. Early Polish vocabulary contained much earlier cultural information than do written records. The adoption of foreign words grew with the passage of time. During the present information age, new European and American terms related to fashions, sports, arts, politics, and technology are being adopted by the modern Polish language. Unabridged Polish dictionaries presently contain some 200,000 entries; one-third of these are foreign adaptations, while about one-fourth are still close to Old Slavonic words.
Although Polish was the national language of Poland, the influence of the Roman Catholic Church introduced Poland to Latin - the lingua franca of western European culture. Polish translations of Latin texts and other Polish publications were the only source of the eastern Slavic peoples’ knowledge about Western civilization. Thus were nearly all ruling members of the Russian Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) were fluent in Polish.
The name of Poland, in Polish "Polska," originated from the name of Polanians. Linguistic data of the highly diversified early Slavic vocabulary proves familiarity with elaborate abstract ideas. In Slavic self-perception the ethnic meaning of the word "Slav" or Słowianin (swo-vyah-ńeen) in Polish was derived from the term for the spoken word, or "słowo" (swo-vo). Thus, to the Slavs, their name testified to their mastery over spoken words, in contrast to others, whose languages they did not understand.
The chronicle of the Cistercian abbey at Henryków (1227-1310) includes the oldest preserved sentence written in Polish.
A constitutional monarchy evolved in this period (1370-1493). During this evolution, due legal process was established in Poland; Polish became a language of elegance and civility in east central Europe, as Poland acquired a civilizing role between the Baltic and the Black Seas and Polish was used as the language of diplomacy.
By the end of the 15th century, national and regional parliaments became catalysts of social and cultural life in Poland - a role played in the rest of Europe by the royal court and the town. The first Digest of Polish Law was printed in Kraków in 1488; it included a royal guarantee against searches and seizures. Approximately 15,000 different Polish words were used in the preserved medieval texts.
Progress during the Renaissance
Jan Mączyński published the first extensive Latin-Polish dictionary Lexico Latino-Polonorum in 1564. A pioneer of cardiology, a professor of medicine and philosophy, Józef Struś (1510-1568) published a 1555 treatise on the pulse entitled Sphygmicae artis libri quinque. In 1583, Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki edited and published the partially preserved writings of Cicero. His Fragmentorum M. Tulli Ciceronis was very popular among European humanists.
Printing houses were also opened in provincial areas. Polish orthography was standardized chiefly by printers who helped the development of the Polish language by encouraging the publication of Polish books and dictionaries. A Polish grammar book for foreigners was printed in 1568 by Piotr Stratotius-Stojeński; his book was in French. During the first one hundred years of Polish printing some three-and-half million books were printed. By 1550, printers in Kraków had reached the highest European level.
Widespread polemics on the religious questions in Poland often resounded throughout Europe. Protestants contributed to the wider use of the Polish language. Mikołaj Rey, called the father of literature in the Polish language, first wrote moralizing dialogues published in 1543. In them he criticized overspending, luxury, and drunkenness. He wrote the best 16th-century Polish satire and gave an excellent picture of everyday life in Poland. His Life of an Honorable Man gave a vivid picture of the customs of Polish country squires.
The Great Scientific Dictionary of Polish-Latin-Greek by Grzegorz Knapski, entitled Thesaurus Polono-Latino-Graecus, was published in 1621. It was an important work for Polish and Slavic lexicography. The first printing shop in Warsaw was established in 1624. Polish dictionaries, grammars, and other books were printed in Królewiec (Koenigsberg) in the Polish Fief of Prussia.
Enlightenment in Poland in the 18th century brought further advancement in the development of the Polish language, literature, and press during the reign of King Stanisław II Poniatowski.
Development during the 19th and 20th c.
The first complete dictionary of recent Polish was published in six volumes in 1807-1814 by Samuel Bogumił Linde (1771-1847), a lexicographer who worked at the Załuski Library - the first public library in Europe. At that point, the Polish language was as equally developed as the German and more advanced than the Russian; it was one of major European languages possessing a rich literature and a vocabulary of arts and sciences. The character of Linde’s dictionary was historical and not normative. It included 60,000 entries.
In 1861, the learned circles of Wilno published Słownik języka polskiego (A Dictionary of the Polish Language), sometimes called The Wilno Dictionary. It included many regional words from north-eastern parts of Poland and is proof of a strong cultural connection between the Wilno region and the rest of ethnic Poland.
The reform of the orthography of the Polish language was completed in 1891. Following its inauguration of Prace Filologiczne (The Philological Studies) in 1885, the Kraków Academy of Learning begun to issue two other publications: Poradnik Językowy (The Language Handbook)in 1901, and Język Polski (The Polish Language) in 1913. In addition, the Academy of learning published Słownik Gwar Polskich (Dictionary of Polish Dialects) from 1900 to 1911; and in 1915, Język Polski i jego historia (The Polish Language and Its History) - two volumes of the Encyklopedia Polska.
Another reform of Polish orthography was carried out in 1918.
Polish literature blossomed. Adam Asnyk wrote poetry linking the Romanticist traditions with social problems viewed in a Positivist manner. Adolf Dygasiński wrote excellent naturalist novels about animals. Eliza Orzeszkowa, writer and journalist, wrote tendentious positivist literature; her best and most famous novel was Nad Niemnem (On the Shores of Niemen, 1887). Bolesław Prus (Aleksander Głowacki, 1847-1912) was a writer and columnist of the period of realism. In Lalka (The Doll, 1890), he described the "last Romanticists" and the defeat of the positivist "dreamers." Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916) wrote Polish historical novels. His novel, Quo Vadis, about early Christians in Nero’s Rome won him a Noble Prize (1905) and was by far the greatest bestseller worldwide at the time.
Total of about twenty people born in Poland won the Noble Prize for their contribution to science, literature, and peace. Thus, Polish language and culture are of considerable importance today, flourishing as they do in the geographical center of the European continent.
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26 czerwiec 2005
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Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
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Kłopoty USA w Iraku
czerwiec 30, 2003
przesłała Elżbieta
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Czy jesteśmy skazani na kryzys?
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czerwiec 26, 2007
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Byli szefowie Agencji Rynku Rolnego wśród oskarżonych o wyłudzenie zboża
czerwiec 28, 2002
PAP
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Włoski rząd zabrania negowania holokaustu
styczeń 27, 2007
bibula- pismo niezależne
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Oszczędzajmy na paliwie i nerwach!
październik 27, 2005
Mirosław Naleziński, Gdynia
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Śledztwo w Sprawie Najazdu na Irak
listopad 26, 2005
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
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Irak: Czas wyjść !
sierpień 14, 2003
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Zaproszenie na odsłonięcie pomnika Romana Dmowskiego
listopad 9, 2006
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List otwarty do nauczycieli i wychowawców polskich.
styczeń 7, 2006
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Krzywdy wyrządzone Czechom przez Polskę
kwiecień 17, 2005
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Nazistowski Manifest Syjonistów
sierpień 1, 2003
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Elity w politycznym teatrze
czerwiec 2, 2002
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sierpień 25, 2004
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marzec 31, 2006
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Przyszlosc Polski w bezpartyjnych kandydatach na wszystkie
szczeble wladzy
listopad 14, 2006
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Nie zniechecaj Patriotow!
styczeń 20, 2007
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Obalenie Rządu Olszewskiego
czerwiec 8, 2007
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Nowa sztuka: „Dogadywania, czyli mowa trawa”
marzec 31, 2008
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